Development of the average global temperature in 1000 years. A significant decline shortly after 1800 was evident in most of the reconstruction that occurs at the same time.
Development of the average global temperature in 1000 years. A significant decline shortly after 1800 was evident in most of the reconstruction that occurs at the same time.
Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year and Eighteen hundred and froze to death, occurred in 1816, when the deviation of the summer climate destroying crops in northern Europe, north America and eastern Canada.
Now people generally assume that the deviation was due to the volcanic explosion of Mount Tambora on the date of 5 April-15 April 1815. The mountain is located on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) who threw more than a half million tonnes - or 400 km ³ - dust into the upper atmosphere. As is generally known, after a devastating volcanic eruption, temperatures around the world declined due to reduced sunlight shining through the atmosphere.
Eruption
Exceptional climatic irregularities in 1816 caused a very great influence in the northeastern United States, Canada Maritime and northern Europe. Typically, in the late spring and summer weather in the northeastern United States is relatively stable: the average temperature around 20-25 ° C, and rarely drops below 5 ° C. Summer Snow is rare, although sometimes dropped in May.
But in May 1816 frost (freezing) shut down most of the plants that were planted, and in June two snow storms resulted in a lot of people who died. In July and August, lakes and rivers are frozen with ice going up in the far south of Pennsylvania. Rapid temperature changes are common and dramatic, with a temperature shift from the normal and above normal in the summer, namely 35 ° C until almost frozen in just a few hours. Although the farmers in southern New England managed to reap the ripe harvest, the price of corn and other grains increased dramatically. Oat prices, for example, an increase of 12 cents on the dollar sekarungnya (size 35 1/4 liter) in the previous year to 92 U.S. cents.
The impact
Many historians say the year without a summer as a major motivation for the formation of the immediate settlement now known as the American Midwest. Many New England residents who died that year, and tens of thousands of others trying to find a more fertile soil and conditions pertanianyang better in the Upper Midwest (then the Northwest Territories). (A specific example of this is when the family of Joseph Smith who later became the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints moved from Sharon, Vermont to Palmyra, New York in the state of New York is far in the west after several harvests failed.) While the harvest is bad for several years, the final blow occurred in 1815 with the eruption of Tambora.
Tambora eruption also caused brown snow Hungary experienced. Italy experienced something similar, with the red snow that fell throughout the year. It is believed to be caused by volcanic dust in the atmosphere.
Europe, which is still recovering from the Napoleonic Wars, suffered from lack of food. Riots over food because it occurred in the United Kingdom and France and grain warehouses were looted. The worst violence occurred in Switzerland that has no ports; there famine caused the government declared a state of national emergency.
The great storms, abnormal rainfall, and flooding in major rivers of Europe (including the Rhine connected with this event. Similarly, the frost that occurred in August 1816.
The impact of culture
Since there is no food Karl Freiherr von Drais find the inspiration to explore new ways to ride a horse without a cause he finds and Draisine velocipede, which is the ancestor of the modern bicycle.
In the July 1816 "of rain incessant" in "the wet summer and unfriendly" forces Mary Shelley, John William Polidori and their friends stayed in the home during their vacation in Switzerland, so that Shelley wrote Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus and Polidori wrote The Vampyre. A very high amount of dust in the atmosphere causes an extraordinary evening spectacular at this period, an atmosphere that became famous in the paintings of JMW Turner. (A similar phenomenon is recorded after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, and on the west coast of the United States after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.)
A BBC documentary using figures collected in Switzerland estimated that the mortality rate in 1816 was double the average in the other, and giving the death rate totaled 200,000 people.
Theory of causation
At that time, no one knows what causes the conditions that diverge in 1816. One scapegoat was Benjamin Franklin, whose experiments with lightning and electricity is said to have caused changes in the weather. Later, people pointed at the sun spot activity, or simply the coincidence as a possible cause.
America is a climate expert, William Humphreys, who first expressed the opinion in 1920 that the year without summer may have been caused by volcanic activity. The explanation is partly inspired by a treatise written by none other than Benjamin Franklin. Franklin blamed the cold summer in 1783 that the volcanic ash from the eruption of Laki in Iceland.
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