Napoleon & Tambora

Great eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 not only crushed and devastated three small kingdoms in the island of Sumbawa. Moreover, far away in Europe, precisely in the Belgian army under the command of the ruler of France, General Napoleon Bonaparte must bend the knees at the hands of England and Prussia.

Yes, three days after the devastating eruption of Tambora, on June 18, 1815, Napolean trapped enemy forces. Because, on the day the weather deteriorated. Continuous rainfall region. In fact, the French army to fight the battle it was.

Due to bad weather, cannon wheels tractor stuck in mud. All vehicles can not go smoothly. The ground was slippery, covered with snow. Understandably, a thick ash from the eruption of Mount Tambora still scattered in the atmosphere to block out the sunlight that falls to earth.

The war was a tragic story of Waterloo for Napoleon. The greatness of Napoleon in subduing his enemies over. He also surrendered.

The general was then exiled to the island of Saint Helena, a small island in the southern Atlantic Ocean. On a remote island that he spent his time until his death in 1821 due to attack cancer.

Kenneth Spink, a geologists theorized, that inclement weather caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora became one of Napoleon's defeat triggers. At a scientific meeting on Applied Geosciences in Warwick, England (1996), Spink said that the eruption of Mount Tambora had a great impact on the order of the world's climate at that time, including bad weather at Waterloo in June 1815.

In Yogyakarta, the eruption of Tambora surprise Thomas Stamford Raffles. Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, which came to power in 1811-1816 it was thought that the explosion was coming from enemy cannon fire sound. Naturally so, because when that communication technologies (telegraph) was not created so the eruption could not be delivered to various parts of the area in a relatively fast.

Fear of the enemy attacked, Raffles was then sent troops to guard posts along the coast to be alert. The boats were alerted. What can make, Raffles false allegations. There was no enemy attack.

Mount Tambora

Some of us would not know that Mount Tambora on record as the highest volcano in Indonesia. That was before the volcano erupted in April 1815 devastating.

When the summit of Mount Tambora reached a height of about 4,300 meters above sea level (asl). Compare with the highest land in Indonesia, namely Puncak Jayawijaya, Papua, the altitude about 3050 m above sea level.

After the great eruption of Tambora, the land at the top of it spewed out in all directions. As a result, the height of a volcano that was left by half, which is about 2851 m above sea level.

The eruption is so horrible it also left a huge caldera. In fact, according to records, the size of the caldera is most widespread in Indonesia. Imagine, the caldera has a diameter of about 7 km, a maximum length of 16 km and a depth of 1.5 km.

Today, the volcano which is administratively located in two counties; Dompu and Bima, West Nusa Tenggara province (NTB) were left miraculous story, not only in Indonesia but also impacts to the various parts of the world.

Very tense

The tragedy began in early April 1815. When the area around Mount Tambora began to vibrate. Vibration was intensified on 10 April 1815, at 19:00 local time. Since then up to five days, the explosion of Mount Tambora reached its climax.

At night, from a distance Tambora really lit a fire that continues to radiate because of the mountain peaks. The atmosphere was very tense. Mountain stream seemed to turn into a huge fire.

At the same time, the eruption was also spewing hot gas, ash, and rocks toward the bottom as far as 20 km down to the sea. Villages around Tambora was destroyed by pyroclastic flows engulfed them.

According to Firdaus Haris in his book titled Greatest Mysteries of Indonesia (2008), three small kingdoms burned and destroyed by the lava and the eruption of Mount Tambora material. The third kingdom is Concentrated within about 30 miles west of Tambora. Then, Empire Studio is 35 km east of Tambora, and the kingdom of Tambora is 25 km from the volcano.

Almost all residents in the three kingdoms were killed. Only two people survived. In fact, the kingdom's third location was already cultivated quite safe from the effects of volcanic eruptions.

The eruption of Mount Tambora also carry a very large landslide material into the sea. Avalanches that cause a tsunami on the beaches in Indonesia such as Bima, East Java and Maluku. Tsunami height was estimated at 4 meters.

Not only that, it also cast a powerful blast of volcanic ash up to West Java and South Sulawesi. Even the smell wafted up Nitric also to Batavia (now Jakarta). Heavy rain accompanied the fall of ash also occur.

According to geologists, the eruption was the largest natural disaster in history. Imagine, as compared with the eruption of Krakatoa which occurred in August 1883, the explosion of Mount Tambora more dahsat four times as much.

The eruption of Mount Tambora was heard up to the island of Sumatra, Makassar and Ternate as far as 2,600 km. Ashes were also flown as far as 1,300 km with an altitude of 44 km from the soil surface. Volume of dust is estimated at 400 km3.

Because of the thick dust flying in the sky, along the area with a radius of 600 km of the mountain is visible darkness for two days. Understandably, the sun could not penetrate the thick gray earlier.

Areas suffer most certainly near the location of Tambora. According to the Swiss botanist, Heinrich Zollinger, the eruption was instantly killed about 10,000 people.

After that, the number of deaths from starvation in Sumbawa reached 38,000 people and 10,000 people in Lombok. Another source said it had reduced the eruption of Sumbawa to the remaining population of only 85,000 people.

Number of Victims of Widespread

Not only that. The death toll also spread to the island of Bali, which reached 10,000 people. The next impact, as many as 49,000 people died from disease and starvation.

Why was there a prolonged famine? There are several reasons. First, all the plants on the island of Sumbawa when it is destroyed by a thick ash-covered and engulfed in flames.

Second, during the two weeks of heavy clouds still covered the areas around Mount Tambora, including Bali. Impact, many crops were destroyed and crop failures.

Third, the ash particles in the long term still in atmofer with altitude 10-30 km. As a result, the climate cycle becomes erratic and farmers could not harvest the crop cultivation.

Climate chaos engulfing Europe, the United States, and Canada. A year after the eruption, in 1816, the region had a year without a summer. Weather in the region changed. Understandably, the ash particles were still wrapped around the Earth's atmosphere blocking the sun broke through into the ground.

Famine also hit Canada, U.S., UK, and others. Freeze that occurred in these countries abolished the dream of the farmers. Population were food shortages.

Ireland experienced the worst impact. There, cold rainfall occurs almost throughout the summer. Approximately 65,000 people die of starvation and typhus epidemic hit. This outbreak then spread to Europe and killed 200,000 people.

The eruption of Mount Tambora is indeed tragic. The eruption was cut off hundreds of thousands of people, both those affected directly or indirectly. This heartbreaking story of Tambora in accordance with the name derived from two words; ta and mbora which is ultimately a call away.

According to the myth that developing communities around the mountain to believe, there are reportedly about 4,500 hikers, hunters, and explorers are missing. They were never found on Mount Tambora is now covered with a variety of forest orchids so fascinating.

Tragedy of Tambora and its impact: The Year Without a Summer in Europe

Development of the average global temperature in 1000 years. A significant decline shortly after 1800 was evident in most of the reconstruction that occurs at the same time.

Development of the average global temperature in 1000 years. A significant decline shortly after 1800 was evident in most of the reconstruction that occurs at the same time.

Year Without a Summer, also known as the Poverty Year and Eighteen hundred and froze to death, occurred in 1816, when the deviation of the summer climate destroying crops in northern Europe, north America and eastern Canada.

Now people generally assume that the deviation was due to the volcanic explosion of Mount Tambora on the date of 5 April-15 April 1815. The mountain is located on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) who threw more than a half million tonnes - or 400 km ³ - dust into the upper atmosphere. As is generally known, after a devastating volcanic eruption, temperatures around the world declined due to reduced sunlight shining through the atmosphere.

 Eruption

Exceptional climatic irregularities in 1816 caused a very great influence in the northeastern United States, Canada Maritime and northern Europe. Typically, in the late spring and summer weather in the northeastern United States is relatively stable: the average temperature around 20-25 ° C, and rarely drops below 5 ° C. Summer Snow is rare, although sometimes dropped in May.

But in May 1816 frost (freezing) shut down most of the plants that were planted, and in June two snow storms resulted in a lot of people who died. In July and August, lakes and rivers are frozen with ice going up in the far south of Pennsylvania. Rapid temperature changes are common and dramatic, with a temperature shift from the normal and above normal in the summer, namely 35 ° C until almost frozen in just a few hours. Although the farmers in southern New England managed to reap the ripe harvest, the price of corn and other grains increased dramatically. Oat prices, for example, an increase of 12 cents on the dollar sekarungnya (size 35 1/4 liter) in the previous year to 92 U.S. cents.

 The impact

Many historians say the year without a summer as a major motivation for the formation of the immediate settlement now known as the American Midwest. Many New England residents who died that year, and tens of thousands of others trying to find a more fertile soil and conditions pertanianyang better in the Upper Midwest (then the Northwest Territories). (A specific example of this is when the family of Joseph Smith who later became the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints moved from Sharon, Vermont to Palmyra, New York in the state of New York is far in the west after several harvests failed.) While the harvest is bad for several years, the final blow occurred in 1815 with the eruption of Tambora.

Tambora eruption also caused brown snow Hungary experienced. Italy experienced something similar, with the red snow that fell throughout the year. It is believed to be caused by volcanic dust in the atmosphere.

Europe, which is still recovering from the Napoleonic Wars, suffered from lack of food. Riots over food because it occurred in the United Kingdom and France and grain warehouses were looted. The worst violence occurred in Switzerland that has no ports; there famine caused the government declared a state of national emergency.

The great storms, abnormal rainfall, and flooding in major rivers of Europe (including the Rhine connected with this event. Similarly, the frost that occurred in August 1816.

 The impact of culture

Since there is no food Karl Freiherr von Drais find the inspiration to explore new ways to ride a horse without a cause he finds and Draisine velocipede, which is the ancestor of the modern bicycle.

In the July 1816 "of rain incessant" in "the wet summer and unfriendly" forces Mary Shelley, John William Polidori and their friends stayed in the home during their vacation in Switzerland, so that Shelley wrote Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus and Polidori wrote The Vampyre. A very high amount of dust in the atmosphere causes an extraordinary evening spectacular at this period, an atmosphere that became famous in the paintings of JMW Turner. (A similar phenomenon is recorded after the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, and on the west coast of the United States after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.)

A BBC documentary using figures collected in Switzerland estimated that the mortality rate in 1816 was double the average in the other, and giving the death rate totaled 200,000 people.

Theory of causation

At that time, no one knows what causes the conditions that diverge in 1816. One scapegoat was Benjamin Franklin, whose experiments with lightning and electricity is said to have caused changes in the weather. Later, people pointed at the sun spot activity, or simply the coincidence as a possible cause.

America is a climate expert, William Humphreys, who first expressed the opinion in 1920 that the year without summer may have been caused by volcanic activity. The explanation is partly inspired by a treatise written by none other than Benjamin Franklin. Franklin blamed the cold summer in 1783 that the volcanic ash from the eruption of Laki in Iceland.

Tambora tragedy

  

Ever heard of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa, the following little story about the awesomeness of Tambora.

Powerful eruption of Mount Krakatau and Tambora

Death, destruction of property, crops and famine annihilation is instantaneous impact of two volcanic eruptions, but the series that follows not only the weather anomaly or dim sunlight, but also changing geo-political power of local and global.

No measure of horror in Sumbawa, 48,000 people met their deaths while another 36 275 fled to other islands. Eruption of Tambora Sumbawa to shrink the population of 85 000 inhabitants. The local political situation changed by the disappearance of the two kingdoms, Concentrated and Tambora. According to an original manuscript, "where the ship may be anchored in the former country of Tambora."

But this picture just comes from the diaries, original manuscripts and journals weather. There has been no meteorological research and advanced communications technologies such as today. Later one can mempertautkan Tambora eruption in Indonesia in mid-April - to mid-July 1815 and the impact it creates in place elsewhere in the world.

Gara because of Tambora, the world commemorate the year 1816 as the "year without a summer". In Western Europe, America and Canada was blowing freezing air (frosts) are lethal. . Disemburnya volcanic sand dust blanketed the sea surface, and dense ash that haunts throughout the next year close to sunlight.

Weather patterns that occur in almost upside down across the northern hemisphere of Earth. Snow fell in New England, USA, in June, and frost July - August, making famine (which is not by drought).

The air is also shut down frozen food plant in Europe and Canada, causing food shortages. The unrest caused by the seizure of food rations exploded in France and Switzerland. In Ireland, winter rainfall occurs almost throughout the summer, and there are 65,000 people die by starvation and typhus. Kholera plague and typhus spread to regions of Europe, killing 200,000 people.